William Shakespeare s Beowulf Essay - 4217 Words

Tuttle 1 Beowulf- Unfit to be King of the Geats For 1000 years we have been reading of the adventures of Beowulf, and his story was told for hundreds of years before. The tale is full of trials, tribulations, adventure, great loss, great victory, and wonderful battles. But, what do we make of it? Is it a tale told to illustrate the virtues of the epic hero himself, or is it a cautionary tale, told to warn the readers of the dangers of allowing unqualified men (or women) to ascend to a position of leadership and the inevitable results of such an event? The author of Beowulf takes great care to describe the hero in detail, and we, as readers, learn about his abundant courage and strength. We are taken on a tour through his early struggles, his successes against the great monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, and his ultimate demise during his battle with a dragon. But one needs to analyze the unstated theme in order to fully appreciate the effect that Beowulf has had on readers for generations. Stanley Greenfield, in his article â€Å"Beowulf and Epic Tragedy† writes that, in the end, â€Å"For all of Beowulf’s efforts, he is reaped only with useless gold, for a nation soon to perish† (104). This is representative of the core issue at hand in this epic. Beowulf is unfit to be a great king, despite his physical prowess. Because of his early and continuing history of foolishly taking unnecessary risks, his excessive pride and lack of humility, the diminishing quality of his personalShow MoreRelatedWilliam S hakespeare s Beowulf 793 Words   |  4 Pagesselflessness, valor, fairness, and moxie. Beowulf embodies these attributes, and they can be seen through his actions and words. Beowulf shows more care for his companions and people than for himself throughout the story, from his dive into the mere to his final battle. Before diving into the mere to fight with Grendel’s mother, Beowulf requests of Hrothgar, that â€Å"If he came to harm, his gifts should remain with the Geats and his friends should be protected.† Beowulf has no self-interest in the wealthRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Beowulf And The Genesis Of The Beowulf1321 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is a recurring theme throughout in Beowulf. In the epic, not only did Beowulf seeks wergild for the death of his friend, but Grendel’s mother looks to avenge her son’s death. The need for wergild is a constant theme in the epic. In order to understand the poem Beowulf and the importance of wergild, one must understand the time period it was written and its purpose. Leonard Neidorf discusses in the article, â€Å"VII Ethelred and the Genesis of the Beowulf Manuscript† that the English leaders inRead MoreComparing Beowulf And William Shakespeare s Macbeth1554 Words   |  7 Pagescultures, and is also corroborated in famous literary works such as Seamus Heaney’s Beowulf and William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Key characters in these epics often rose to the occasion and made a positive impact on the society with their exceptional bravery, selflessness, moral courage, and steadfastness of character. There were also instances where the same characters didn’t exercise the best judgement. Although Beowulf had many more heroic moments than Macbeth and Macduff, each of them had their virtuesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Beowulf - Noble Or Narcissistic1002 Words   |  5 Pagescourage, outst anding achievements, or noble qualities. Beowulf lacks noble qualities. Noble qualities show what he will fight for what they believe in no matter the cost or the benefits. A true hero fights for the good in the world and what they believe in their heart. In the epic poem Beowulf, fighting for glory and honor shows noble qualities, but for the wrong reasons. Beowulf has an idealistic background which provides glory for him. â€Å"Beowulf, strong and courageous, is the prince of Geats. OnceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Beowulf And Grendel s Mother, And The Dragon 854 Words   |  4 Pagesopposing forces. These opposing forces allow for a need to choose between right or wrong. In the text presented in this course, there are villains presented in multiple text, but within one text there are three antagonists. Found in the text of Beowulf, there are three monsters Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the dragon. Grendel and his mother both were driven by inward desire that was created by an exterior force, but this does not excuse the fact they also differed from one another. Though theyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Dream Of The Rood, Beowulf, And The Canterbury Tales Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesreflects such rich history and customs packed into its literature. The foundation of much British literature that integrated the convention of British civilization came during the Medieval Period. The Medieval stories of â€Å"The Dream of the Rood,† Beowulf, and The Canterbury Tales contained some of the British culture concerning gender, religion, and the view of heroes. One aspect of British culture of the Medieval times was the stereotypes of gender and certain expectations in gender roles. For exampleRead MoreWhat Central Theme Can Be Found Throughout All The Literature We Read This Semester?1088 Words   |  5 Pages1. What central theme(s) can be found in all the literature we read this semester? Throughout the stories from this semester one key interesting theme as an adult was sex. Almost all stories had some type of sexual intercourse. In the website Merriam-Webster sex is define as a physical activity in which people touch each other’s bodies, kiss each other, etc. : physical that is related to and often includes sexual intercourse. Sex its not a excellent essay to write about, but as an adult its beingRead MoreMacbeth vs Beowulf874 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf and Macbeth Beowulf, identified as an epic hero and Macbeth, identified as a tragic hero both are very similar and different in their own ways. The epic poem, Beowulf translated by Seamus Heaney and the tragic play, Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare both have heroes as the protagonist of the story. The stories written in two different time periods, still can be seen with many similarities and differences. A tragic hero is of high ranking and unfortunately has a flaw that they possessRead MoreLiterary Foils Of Beowulf, Julius Caesar, And Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde889 Words   |  4 Pagesin the stories of Beowulf, Julius Caesar, and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Foils exist in the epic Beowulf. Beowulf is written by an unknown author and is translated by Burton Raffel in the Anglo-Saxon era. There is a force, vitality, clearness and distinctiveness in the characters, not only in Beowulf’s personality, but in all the other personalities (Brooke). Beowulf and Grendal are very contrasting characters because of their distinct personalities. Beowulf is a famous soldier s son â€Å"My father /Read MoreInfluence Of Medieval Literature On Modern Films1169 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1995’s film Judge Dredd (Simon, par. 5). Also, it shows how Macbeth was overly engaged in his desire to take over everyone, which ended with his death, as well as The Joker in the movie Dark Knight that ended with the joker being defeated (Shakespeare 379, 386, 387, â€Å"Dark Knight,† par. 8, 9). Another example of similarities influencing modern films would be in the story Beowulf when Beowulf â€Å"set sail to aid Danish King Hrothgar in his fight against the monster Grendel† (â€Å"About Beowulf†). This

Discuss one or more theories of Moral Understanding and evaluate its conclusions Free Essays

The term morality, according to Shaffer (1993) means â€Å"a set of principles or ideals that help the individual to distinguish right from wrong and to act on this distinction. Morality is important to society, as it would not function effectively unless there is some agreement of what is right and wrong. There are many underlying processes and environmental factors, which limit or promote social, cognitive and moral development in children. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss one or more theories of Moral Understanding and evaluate its conclusions or any similar topic only for you Order Now In modern society, television could be considered to be one of the major influences on a child’s moral development. There are three approaches to moral development; the cognitive approach, the psychodynamic approach and the social learning theory. The Cognitive-Developmental approach of Piaget and Kohlberg studies how children become more able to reason morally and make moral judgements, whereas the Freud’s psychodynamic approach is more concerned with the development of the conscience and moral feelings such as guilt and anxiety. The social learning theory of Bandura and Mischel investigates the development of moral behaviour and how role models in the family, society and the media, influence it. The theory I am going to discuss is Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Approach. His theory of moral development is concerned with how the child’s moral knowledge and understanding change with age. Piaget saw morality as any system of rules, which governs interaction between people. The methods of investigation he used to develop his theories were, he looked at the way children imposed rules in their games. He used games to study the development of children’s moral development as he thought that by studying rules in the context of a game, he could study the child’s spontaneous though directly. He also, assessed changes in the child’s moral judgements by telling hypothetical stories about children who lied, stole or broke something. When using hypothetical stories, Piaget was generally more interested in the reasons why the children give the answers they did and not particularly the answers. Piaget identifies stages of moral development just as he identified stages with cognitive development. His theories of the way children think and their moral reasoning goes through a series of stages, as they are adapting to the world, these are also known as the processes of accommodation and assimilation. He believed that as children’s reasoning about the world changes when they grow older and gain more experience, so does their reasoning about morality. Their ability to think about the world in more complex ways is what causes them to move on from one stage to the next. This is known as cognitive development. Piaget stated that infants don’t understand much about morality until they are about three or four years of age. Their development divides into two main stages after infancy. His stages of moral development are: Pre Moral Stage (up to three or four years) Children don’t understand about rules, and so they don’t make moral judgements Stage of Heteronomous Morality (aged three – six years) Children at this stage think rules are absolute and unchangeable, and the goodness and badness of an action is judged largely on the basis of its consequences rather than by taking intent into account. Stage of Autonomous Morality (from around six or seven) Children at this stage now see rules as more changeable and intentions are taken into account. Children also start to believe that it is possible to break rules and get away with it, whereas earlier they tended to think they will always be found out and possibly punished. Researchers from Europe and America have tested some of Piaget’s theories and have concluded that distinct stages of development do seem to exist however, other research found that children do not see all rules as being equally important as Piaget thought they did. Heteronomous Morality, also known as moral realism, means when the child is subject to another’s laws or rules. Children think that rules must be obeyed no matter what the circumstances. A child at this stage will think that rules are only made by authority figures, such as, parents and teachers. Two other features that are displayed in moral reasoning at this stage are, first they expect bad behaviour to be punished in some way, they believe that the punishment should be expiatory – the wrongdoer must make amends for the crime by paying with some kind of suffering. They have the view that the amount of punishment should match the badness of the behaviour. Secondly, if the bad behaviour goes undetected then the child believes in immanent justice – where any misfortune occurring after the bad behaviour can be seen as a punishment. For example, if a child tells a lie and gets away with it, then later trips and falls, the younger child could consider this as a punis hment. In general, they believe punishment should be fair and that wrongdoing will always be punished in some way. Autonomous Morality, which means when the child is subject to one’s own laws and rules. It involves moral relativism whereby the child comes to realise that rules evolve from social relationships. Due to the child ‘decentring’ and their developed ability to think more flexibly about moral issues, they have began to realise it is important to take other people’s opinions into account. At this stage a child will have developed the understanding that sometimes rules of morality can be broken in certain reasonable circumstances. They believe in reciprocal punishment, whereby the punishment should fit the crime. For example, if a child takes another child’s sweets, the first child should be deprived of their sweets or should make it up to the victim in some other way. This is known as the principle of reciprocity. Children will also have learnt at this stage that wrongdoers often avoid punishment, diminishing any belief in immanent justice. They see punishment as a method of making the offender understand the nature of the crime and that punishment is also a deterrent. The move from heteronomous morality to autonomous morality is influenced by two factors. Children around the age of seven begin to move on from the pre operational stage of an illogical and an egocentric way of thinking to more logical and flexible way of thinking, in the operational stage. Their growing awareness that other people have different views allows them to develop more mature moral reasoning. However, moral development lags at least one to two years behind cognitive development because the whole process depends on the cognitive changes occurring first. Kohlberg expanded Piaget’s theory to form a theory that also explained the development of moral reasoning. While Piaget described a two-stage process of moral development, Kohlberg’s theory outlined six stages within three different levels. Kohlberg extended Piaget’s theory, proposing that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan. A study by Colby et al (1983) criticised Piaget’s assumption that children of ten and eleven years old had reached an adult level of moral reasoning. Piaget was always focusing on what an average child was capable of achieving so he neglected the idea of great variations between the individual child’s ways of thinking. In general, Piaget’s cognitive theory has been criticised for the methods of investigation not being as precise as they could have been. Methods he used were seen as complicated, leading critics to think he under estimated younger children’s capabilities of what they could and could not do. This was because later research went on to conclude that children could actually take other motives into consideration, when they understood what motives were involved. Despite criticism, Piaget’s work is still regarded as a revolutionary step forward in the way we understand how children think. It has led to a much more realistic ways of understanding children’s moral development. Many attempts to test Piaget’s theories from researchers around the world have resulted in acceptance that some of his views and methods do appear to exist. How to cite Discuss one or more theories of Moral Understanding and evaluate its conclusions, Papers

Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems

Question: Discuss about the Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Answer: Introduction: Nepean hospital is a biggest hospital in blue mountain region with 520 bed and covers various specialties such as medical, surgical, mental , pediatric and palliative care. I will be working Ambulatory procedure centre (APC) ward. The majority of the patient in this ward is admitted with common emergency surgical condition such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis and bowel obstruction and most of them are self caring. It is very fast paced ward and we have to deal with IV antibiotics and pain medication. The focus of my med-sla project is proper documentation of known allergy and patient;s adverse drug reaction in the medication chart. I will propose my project by preparing poster presentation and showing it to other health workers in the ward. Clinical evidence suggests that adverse drug reaction is one of the leading factor to increase mortality rate and increase patients length of stay in hospital. Furthermore, there has been evidence where patients allergy documentatio n is missed, and their health deteriorate by giving the drug which they are allergic to. Therefore, the outcome of SLA is to prevent such allergic and adverse drug reaction by proper documentation in medication chart. The purpose and aims of the Med-SLA Some recent cases had been reported in the ward, which had raised a large number of concerns among the higher authorities regarding the safety of the patients in the hands of the new graduate nurses. Recently a patient had been given decongestants due to allergic reactions that were not been able to be controlled by antihistamines. However, while assessing her vital signs in the later part of the day, her blood pressure was found to be higher. The nurse therefore thought that it was necessary to make her blood pressure come under control. Therefore, without thinking much, she provided the patient with an antihypertensive drug, which treats high blood pressure. However she was not aware of the consequences that there results in an intensive drug-drug interaction when decongestants and antihypertensive are taken together as it results in further increase in the blood pressure levels causing potentation. Her mentor, who immediately managed this condition, prevented any further threat to the patient. Another similar incident took place in the case of patient who was admitted due to an infection in her intestines. She was prescribes tetracycline by the doctor in order to fight the harmful bacteria in her intestines. The nurse then provided her breakfast comprising of milk, egg and fruits. The nurse was however had no idea about the interaction that calcium usually has with that of tetracycline. She did not know that calcium reduces the effects of tetracycline destroying the potential effects of tetracycline. All these had concerned the higher authorities and the patients and their family members about the safety treatments that the nurses provide which in turn are having negative effects in the patients. A drug-drug interaction is a situation when a substance as well as any other drug can affect the performance of another drug when administered together to a patient. The action that results can be of three different types. It can be either synergistic when the effect of the later drug is increased. It can also result in antagonistic effects which results in the effect of the later drug being reduced. Thirdly, it may also result in the initiation of a new kind of effect, which is completely different from the action of each of the drugs that interacted (Vallerand, Sanoski and Deglin, 2016). These types of interactions often prove to be harmful for the patient resulting in threatening the life of the patient who had come for service. Another important situation that has come to the notice of the authority is the lack of providing proper medicine to the patients. The nurses are not consulting their medical history before prescribing any drugs. This in turn is resulting in the occurrence of different allergies in some patients, which enhances the adverse situations for the patient making them suffer more (Lewis et al. 2015). Patients often require multiple medications in cases of their complex diseases or disorders that they are suffering from. However, after critically analyzing the symptom cluster of the patient, it is a duty of the nurse to jot down the medical history of the patient in order to know whether they are suffering from any previous diseases or not and the medications they take on a regular basis (Wang et al. 2016). Documentation of such medication is important so that the nurse develop a preliminary knowledge about the medications she should avoid. Besides, the nurse herself should have a detailed idea about the backgrounds and the ingredients of different medication that not only result in drug-drug interaction but may also result in allergies in the patients. These types of occurrences causes decreased therapeutic effects of the good medicines, increased adverse reaction and patient harm. It also results in an overall negative impact on the reputation of an organization serving for huma nkind (Lehne and Rosenthal, 2014). The Australian nursing and midwifery board has stated the importance of maintain safety protocols while providing medicines to the patients. It usually expects every nurse to be responsible enough to the take into account the different ingredients of the medicines so that they can evaluate whether any interaction would take place or not. Moreover, they should also consider the half-life of the ingredients in cases if they have to administer two opposite drugs so that they do not tend to react in the patient. Moreover, they also tend to consider the bioavailability and peak level of each of the medications that they are administering (Muraro et al. 2014). The standard 4 or medication safety that had been proposed by the states in point number 5 under point 4.9 in management actions of medicines and implementation strategies ensures that they provide current as well as accurate medicines information along with decision supporting tools to the nurses. These are done to help the nurses make clinical decision effectively which remains related to medicinal use. Management of dug interaction databases is also proposed by them to be an important criteria that should be maintained by the nurses. As suggested strategies, they have stated the utilization of decision support tools that accompany electronic medicine management systems like overriding of active alerts for drug interactions, contraindications, patient allergy alerts in prescribing and as well a s in dispensing systems. Therefore, the main aim of the project of the MED SLA is to develop knowledge of the different nurses about the concept of nurse interaction. Its aim would be to make the nurses aware of the different steps that they may need to reduce chances of drug interaction in their practice and make their administration safe and of high quality. The process used to complete the Med SLA: The poster had been prepared in simple language with proper headings that would help the nurses in understanding each of the points in detail. They can follow it a as guidance in order to prevent any medication error. It shows that harmful effects that their negligence may have on their career and on the patient life. It says about the steps that they can undertake to reduce harmful practices and avoid negligence. It also describes the services where they can go to seek help when they are confused or when they want to clarify any doubts. This poster is expected to help the nurses in reducing medication error and developing their skills in medication administration. The potential outcomes of the Med SLA: Different types of initiatives have been taken to make the healthcare staffs aware of the harmful consequences that may lead to the life threatening situations for patients. The patients normal course of treatment would get affected and his recovery process may be delayed. This may also hamper the quality life that a service user expects. Besides, providing inappropriate medication not only results in drug-drug interactions and causes allergies but also harm the career and reputation of the nurse involving her in legal obligations. Therefore, the poster would contain the different effects it may have on the life of the patient and on the careers of patients. Besides, it would also help them to take precautions, which would prevent them from making such mistakes and help them in critically analyzing the medicines and their ingredients according to the medical history of the patients. This poster will also help the nurse to enhance their nursing practices in case of medication administ ration by consulting with the important websites, senior mentors and even going through different evidence based articles (Rampton et al. 2014). Evaluation of the project result: The evaluation of the outcome of the project is necessary to understand whether the project had been successful in its aim of making nurses aware of the consequences of inappropriate medication administration. In order to evaluate it, the authority may conduct a clinical audit to assess the present scenario (Black and Dawood, 2014). Reduction in the number of cases of drug-drug interaction and allergies will automatically implement that the project had a positive effect on the practice of the nurses (Fernando et al. 2014). Besides, inviting reflective pieces of work from the nurses is believed to be helpful in understanding the impact so the project in the current nursing practices. Reflections of the nurses will not only make them realize their own positive and negative aspects but will also help the governing body to know about the perceptions that the nurses are harboring in them (Wheatley et al. 2015). Changes to my practice: While preparing the project for the nurses, I have been benefitted also as the different procedures have enhanced my knowledge and helped me in applying the guidelines in my practice as well. While researching the various data on the National and Quality Health Service Standard 4 (2012), I came across many research articles and journals, which helped in collecting information that would help me in providing skills that, are more expertised. This will definitely provide a better care to the patients and the patients will be satisfied (Roujeau et al., 2014). Therefore, the project of the MED SLA is a very noble initiative that will benefit each members of the healthcare team at the hospital. The nurses will be more careful while setting up intervention plan for the patient so that no drug-drug interaction and allergic reactions occur in the patients. The nurses will follow a safe practice that will be evidence based and will properly analyze the patients medical records, history of allergic reactions and others. The nurses would be expected to harbor a detailed knowledge about the ingredients of the medicines, their reactions with other components along with the allergic reactions that they may result in certain cases (Bluementhal et al. 2014). Conclusion: The project is an innovative way of guiding nurses in such a way so that the cases of inappropriate medication administration are reduced in the hospital. A nurse who would be well trained in medication and at the same time is cautious and careful with genuine feelings of providing the best care to patients would always be respected and loved both by organization and by patients. References: Black, A. and Dawood, M., 2014. A comparison in independent nurse prescribing and patient group directions by nurse practitioners in the emergency department: a cross sectional review.International emergency nursing,22(1), pp.10-17. Blumenthal, K.G., Shenoy, E.S., Hurwitz, S., Varughese, C.A., Hooper, D.C. and Banerji, A., 2014. Effect of a drug allergy educational program and antibiotic prescribing guideline on inpatient clinical providers antibiotic prescribing knowledge.The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice,2(4), pp.407-413. Fernando, B., Morrison, Z., Kalra, D., Cresswell, K. and Sheikh, A., 2014. Approaches to recording drug allergies in electronic health records: qualitative study.PloS one,9(4), p.e93047. Lehne, R.A. and Rosenthal, L., 2014.Pharmacology for nursing care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Lewis, S.L., Maltas, J., Dirksen, S.R. and Bucher, L., 2015.Study guide for medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems. Elsevier Health Sciences. Muraro, A., Agache, I., Clark, A., Sheikh, A., Roberts, G., Akdis, C.A., Borrego, L.M., Higgs, J., Hourihane, J.B., Jorgensen, P. and Mazon, A., 2014. EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines: managing patients with food allergy in the community.Allergy,69(8), pp.1046-1057. Rampton, D., Folkersen, J., Fishbane, S., Hedenus, M., Howaldt, S., Locatelli, F., Patni, S., Szebeni, J. and Weiss, G., 2014. Hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous iron: guidance for risk minimization and management.Haematologica,99(11), pp.1671-1676. Roujeau, J.C., Haddad, C., Paulmann, M. and Mockenhaupt, M., 2014. Management of nonimmediate hypersensitivity reactions to drugs.Immunology and allergy clinics of North America,34(3), pp.473-487. Vallerand, A.H., Sanoski, C.A. and Deglin, J.H., 2016.Davis's Canadian Drug Guide for Nurses. FA Davis. Wang, Y., Zhu, R., Huang, N., Li, W., Yang, L., Zhang, S. and Liu, G., 2016. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey of drug allergy among healthcare practitioners in central china: a multicenter study.Asia Pacific Allergy,6(2), p.105. Wheatley, L.M., Plaut, M., Schwaninger, J.M., Banerji, A., Castells, M., Finkelman, F.D., Gleich, G.J., Guttman-Yassky, E., Mallal, S.A., Naisbitt, D.J. and Ostrov, D.A., 2015. Report from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases workshop on drug allergy.Journal of allergy and clinical immunology,136(2), pp.262-271.

Outstanding a Separate Peace Topics for Students

A Separate Peace novel was the work of the author, John Knowles. It’s a literal flashback piece narrated by Gene; set at a period during World War II. Besides, the novel is Knowles’s autobiographical work describing his experience at a boarding school in New England together with his fellow student. Gene is the protagonist and an intellectual whiz-a contrast to his friend Finny who is a talented athlete. Both attended summer session at Devon school to prepare their entry into the university. The plot features many turns and twists. During the summer of 1942, Finny, now a close companion of Gene hatches a plan to form a suicide society. One of the goals of the organization was the have members jump from a tree into the Devon River. At the time, Gene had become jealous of Finnys assumed academic prowess. The climax of the rivalry ends tragically after Gene shook a tree’s branch causing Finny to fall and break his leg. With a career ruined, Finny focuses on academics while Gene tries a hand in athletics. This novel has griping narration that will not only make it appealing to analyze but also discover topics you can discuss in your essay. It can be hard to find a good topic if you have no background understanding of what the author wishes to communicate in the texts. There are numerous themes featured in the novel like guilt, friendship, jealousy, and anger. Each of them can be broken down into many topics. Expert Guide on How to Select the Best a Separate Peace Essay Topic The practical way to come up with a topic to analyze literal work is examining the themes used by the author. You can also relate the issues to events in our modern world. Besides, the element of symbolism, imagery and literal devices can provide ideas that could be harnessed to create a topic and thesis statement. Start by reading the book thoroughly and learn the symbolism and themes employed by the author. Additionally, examine all the aspects of the novel including any hidden messages. It is through this that you are likely to pick a unique and exciting topic that is uncommon. Besides, try to examine the novel from a different perspective or angle. This could be an event that happened during the writing of the novel and probably influenced the author’s thoughts or feelings. List of a Separate Peace Essay Topics to Get You Started Writing If you are experiencing a challenge to come up with your topic, have a look at our question prompts that will guide you in identifying topics from the novel. If you decide to pick any of our topics, research on it to discover ideas to support your arguments. Below is an excellent list of A Separate Peace essay topic ideas: Reflection Reality Rebellion Memories Innocence War and peace Co-dependency Jealousy Conscience and guilt Fear Rules and order Youth Identity Denial Change in times of crisis Friendship The Best A Separate Peace Essay Questions that Earn Top Scores A topic question should be engaging to arouse some interest. Take a look of these essay questions obtained from the themes, setting, plot, and characters. You can borrow them to include in your paper. What is the nature of Leper’s character and his relationship with Gene and Finny? Describe the natural setting of the scene in regards to the events and characters. Does the setting differ with thematic content of the scenes? What is the symbolism of Finny’s fall? What is the significance of the competition between Gene and Finny? In what context does the pursuit in academic and sports play in their rivalry? How does the theme of humanity’s goodness vs. inherent evil play a part in the novel? Does the title, of the novel, ‘A Separate Peace’ and the setting during warfare contradict? In what ways is the relationship between Funny and Gene interdependent considering they have an unsteady interaction? How reliable is Gene in narrating and recalling memories? Compelling A Separate Peace Essay Ideas: Get Professional Help The primary aim of the topic is to highlight and analyze the significant elements in the novel. You also get a chance to state your reaction at the conclusion. Essay topics can be derived from the novels literal aspect like characters. The protagonist, Gene and his friend Finny are portrayed as having different virtues. Consequently, they represent different symbols and themes that would mean you can cast the net wide to get the topics. If writing the essay proves a challenge even after our tropic ideas and questions, we are available to assist you to write the paper on your behalf. Our experts are native English essay writers with extensive experience in academic writing and are prompt in delivering exceptionally high-quality pieces. Submitting your paper on time is our top priority. Once you buy an essay online from us, we grant you great benefits including discounted prices and money back guarantee to ensure you get the most out of our service. You can expect to receive an outstanding paper that will earn you a top score. Order an essay now!

buy custom Women in America and Britain Post World War II essay

buy custom Women in America and Britain Post World War II essay The Second World War occurred between the years 1939 and 1945. It is often referred to as the total world war since it pitted the whole worlds against each other. Britain and her allies formed the allied forces while Germany and her allies formed the axis forces. It is the roles that women played in this war that later helped to shape their roles in the society, post the war. Their role in the war largely stemmed from their voluntary work during the First World War. During the First World War, women in Britain and the U.S. volunteered to perform essential duties so that they could release their men to go to war (Barrow, 2010). This seemed to work since it helped the mobilization of army/solders to fight in the war. Therefore, when the Second World War was on the verge in 1939, it was largely publicized that woman should volunteer in the same manner that they did 25 years earlier (Barrow, 2010). However, the demands of war were overwhelming this time. A secret report released by Sir William Beveridge in 1940 seemed to recognize this fact. It consequently advised that there was need to recruit both men and women to be actively involved in the war itself (Barrow, 2010). Sir Williams report subsequently led to a mass registration and recruitment of British women aged between 18 and 60 year in the spring of 1941. They were required to choose the type of job they could perform at the battle ground. These saw the women working in the battle fronts and even in enemy lines to facilitate easier fighting conditions for their male counterparts (Brayley Ingram, 1995).Although it was categorically stated that women would not work with arms, most of them were later to work and die under heavy fire. In Britain, the recruitment of women into the army was made legal in December of 1941 under the National Service Act (II) (Barrow, 2010). It initially targeted single women aged 20-30 but later involved all single women and some married women. Soon, women were working as radio controller, air raid wardens, and rescue. Meanwhile, back at home, more women were recruited to work in the factories to cover up fir the limited labour force caused by the mens participation in the war. They went on to cement their places in the workplace and men had a hard time displacing them after the war (Brayley Ingram, 1995).However, it was the events during the World War II that later shaped the roles of women in the allied nations after the war (Kannan, 2010). Thesis Statement Never before had women been so involved in a war all over the world. In deed, when this war came to an end, the women of America and Britain were not the same again. They had stepped out of their dockets of work and were now doing what traditionally used to be done by the men. It is, therefore, safe to state that the Second World War altered the role of women in the society, bringing into being the rise of feminism gender equality movements of the 1950s (Kannan, 2010). How the Roles Changed Before the beginning of the war, most women in the US and Britain were expected to be, and were in deed housewives. Women had been only allowed to work outside their homes if they had no family but even then were paid smaller wages as compared to their male counterparts, even if doing the same kind of job (Brayley Ingram, 1995).The number of women working out in the factories had been however considerably low. These women had little involvement in the matters of national governance as they were not even allowed to vote. Vying for public positions for women was almost unthought-of. There had been no women in the military before the war neither had there been any woman offering supportive services to the military (Barrow, 2010). However, after the Second World War, the role of women far much fell into place with their participation in the war. Women who had volunteered in the war became members of the Womens Lands Army (WLA) and the Womens Army Corp (WAC) (Theodore, 2008),that trained women on activities that pertained to agriculture, heavy metal industries, chemical industries, ship and plane building, and even bus building. In deed, sooner than later, these industries had over thirty percent of their employees being women. This group of women even worked in the building of Railways and canals. Perhaps the most notable of their work is the building of the waterloo bridge in London (Theodore, 2008). After the Second World War had been won, it was apparent hat women had played an important role in the victory and for that reason, their role in the society was about to take a new turn. They were accorded the right to vote so as to have equal chances/opportunity to choose who they felt would lead the nations appropriately (Lewis, 2011). Their power as a voting bloke soon became apparent when, after not so long, they started electing women to the parliament. On the domestic from, the existing governments made the laws of divorce more lenient on the women and even advocated for their compensation, with substantial benefits, in case of such eventualities. At the work place, competition was stiff between the women employees who had established themselves with the mens absence, and the men for all kinds of job. Among the women that evolved politically and became landmark names in the U.S. and Britain playing key roles in leadership and governance were: Queen Elizabeth and her daughters; Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, the then US first lady Eleanor Roosevelt, and an American-born Feminist turned Member of Parliament Nancy Astor (Barrow, 2010). These women had been active during the war acting as morale boosters and mobilizers. Queen Elizabeth had continued to stay with her daughters at the Buckingham palace even though the Germans were heavily bombing the city of London, and providing the city residents with aid after the bombings (Harris, 2011). This provided a morale booster to the British and her fellow allied troops to soldier on and repel the attacks. Princess Elizabeth later became the new Queen (Queen Elizabeth II). The then first lady of the United States of America Eleanor Roosevelt was an active participant in the public affaires. Her husband, President Theodore Roosevelt, was on a wheel chair and did not want to appear in public as disable. The first lady therefore travelled a lot to offer moral support to the troops and the people of the US. This she also did through a newspaper column she continued to write even at in the middle of war. The first lady also advocated for the inclusion of women and minority groups in the responsibility of winning this war. American-born Nancy Astor was a member of parliament in Britain and a Feminist campaigner. She hosted the US troops in England unofficially, and also played a morale boosting role in her constituency. She was seen as a symbol of hope by her constituents and inspired a lot of young women in England and the US to join the feminist movement (Harris, 2011). Other women who became actively involved in decision making in governance included: Frances Perkins, Oveta Culp Hobby, Mary McLeod Bethune, and Alice Paul. Oveta was the US secretary of labour between the years 1933 and 1945 and, during the Second World War, headed the War Departments Womens Interest Section and later became the director of Womens Army Corp (WAC). Bethune was the director of the Negro Affairs Division in WAC and tirelessly advocated for the incorporation of black women into the WAC (Harris, 2011). Perhaps the boldest of them was Alice Paul. She dared to reintroduce the Equal Rights Amendment into congress session after the war was over (Lewis, 2011). This amendment had been introduced and rejected by every session of congress since the attainment of vote rights by women in 1920. Inevitably, the height of womens involvement in the just concluded war had convinced her that congress would be more willing to pass the amendment. However, this amendment failed to pass cong ress until the 70s, and even then it failed to pass in the mandatory number of states. Womens involvement in the Second World War also brought a lot of change to the fashion world. Women involved in military lines often wore trousers or the so-called one piece siren suits. Headgears and large handbags also became the obsession of many (Lewis, 2011). These were borne out of the necessity to tack hair away and need to carry all ration books of a family respectively (Lewis, 2011). They however went on to become fashion statements all over the two nations. The need to survive at the battle ground led many female soldiers and service providers to learn how to knit their cloths. Knitted clothes were believed to be more durable. This art of knitting, however, soon after war became the obsession of many females throughout the two nations. Indeed, fashion designers inevitably took advantage of this culture to make knitted cloths and scramble for the large market. The victory roll of hair was also widely adopted post the war. This style had been quite frequently used during the war and was argued to add considerably to a womans glamour. It was thought that such kind of feminine glamour caused them ad the men around them to be with a lot of morale. Worth noting however is the great sense of social freedom that women acquired during and after the war. There was a general sense that the governments ware more preoccupied with the war rather than monitoring the citizens for misdemeanour. This provided greater opportunity for the women to encounters members of the opposite sex. The results however were devastating- there was a sudden increase in the number of people with venereal diseases and illegitimate children (Harris, 2011). The gain however was the increasingly explicit sex education that left most people better informed about their sex lives than before the war. Women discovered Birth control methods and used them to control their futures, making them able to pursue their goals in life without the hindrances of getting a baby. This has increasingly enabled women to effectively compete with men in jobs and sectors formerly reserved only for the latter. However, critics of this topic of the World War II and the change of the role of women argue that it did not at all change the role of women. They argue that women had been trained to perform industrial and agricultural duties merely to allow men to participate in the war. The result of the end of the war, they argue, was the return to the status quo, with women going back to being housewives and the men resuming their industrial and agricultural duties. What actually caused the change in the roles of women in the society in the US and the UK, among other nations, was the Feminism Movement. The Feminism Movement This was a movement by women in 1950s and 60s advocating for equal opportunities at the workplace, including payment, with the male counterparts. This movement swept across the continents of Europe and America faster than was widely expected by the political elites. There is a general agreement that though the women leading these movements were of a younger generation, the fuel that fuelled that spread was those women that had done the mens job at the Second World War. This augmented by the emergence of such works as The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan, and the development of birth control pills, allowed women to alter their social roles in the society. This allowed women more authority and autonomy and helped them to enhance their self-esteem. This farther caused them to focus more on being in control of their lives and their capacities. The movements therefore inevitably evolved from their social settings as was the case in the 60s to target economic changes looking at the situations of women at the workplace. These alterations ensured that women were no longer content with sitting at home all day cooking or cleaning, and caring for the children-they wanted to get out and work. Conclusion Traditionally, women had been confined to the roles of housewives and taking care of crops at home gardens. If there ever was a situation they got entirely involved, it must be in the Second World War. It is worth noting however that despite their immense participation and contribution, they wee still not considered as equal participants. This is evident by the denial by their male counterparts for the females to use arms even in situations where they were working with the arms (like the anti-aircraft crew) (Lewis, 2011). Later, after the war is over, the unionised organisations at the workplaces advocates for the men to reclaim their previous occupations, subsequently displacing a huge number of women who had been employed to cover the vacant positions. This goes along way to show that despite their massive contribution at the war, peoples perception about women have not changed much. The women are therefore forced to go back to their traditional chores and stay low. Such was the case until the launch of the Women Movements (Commonly referred to as the Feminine Movements). With the launch of these movements, women who had vehemently participated in the Second World War found a platform to voice their sentiments. These strong sentiments were coupled with the zeal of women of younger generation, making the movements unstoppable fires. It was indeed these feminine movements, influenced by the experiences of the World War II that caused major alterations in the socio-economic status of women in America and Britain. Buy custom Women in America and Britain Post World War II essay

4 Huge Mistakes Job Seekers Make

4 Huge Mistakes Job Seekers Make No matter how careful and well prepared you are, mistakes are bound to happen during the job search process. Maybe you practiced a spiel for the wrong job and got your interviews mixed up, or you took the time or date down wrong, or you found an error on your resume. Whether it was a monumental or a minuscule screw-up, there are ways to recover. Here are four of the biggest and most common mistakes job seekers make and how to survive having made them.Wrong resumeYou’re applying to so many different positions and, rightly, you’ve carefully tailored your resume to each. Trouble is, now you have 20-some-odd resumes on your laptop and you sent the wrong one to this particular recruiter.If the one you submitted is only slightly different from the one you wanted to send, then it’s best to let it go. But if you submitted your Corporate Giving resume for a Marketing or Communications position, then it’s time to draft an email ASAP, kindly asking the recruiter to r eplace the resume in your file with the updated one attached. Nine times out of ten, they’ll do it and no one will be the wiser.When in doubt, bring multiple hard copies of the correct resume to your interview and make sure to give it to everyone with a simple, â€Å"here’s a hard copy of my most up-to-date resume.† No other explanations needed unless they ask. And if they do, focus on the material in the resume, not the fact that the first one you sent wasn’t perfectly spot on.Appointment chaosThis happens to everyone at some point in their lives- and almost always with something important like an interview. You’ve got a lot to keep track of during a job search- multiple positions at multiple companies, multiple resumes, and hopefully multiple interviews. If you messed up and got the time or date wrong, here’s what you do: immediately reach out to the hiring manager, state your mistake (without drama), express your sincere regrets for the m ix-up, and pivot immediately to offering to reschedule at their earliest convenience (then take whatever time they give you). You can follow this email or phone apology with a handwritten note for an extra touch. With any luck, they’ll see you as proactive, humble, and responsible, even with your mistake.LatenessBest avoided, obviously. But sometimes, even when you’ve left ample time, you’ll end up facing unforeseen circumstances out of your control, and you’ll end up late. The best strategy here is to reach out to the recruiter before you’re late, i.e. as soon as you realize you might not make it bang on time. Explain whatever situation you’re in- huge accident and traffic, broken down subway, etc. Don’t waste any breath on excuses, just state what’s happening, give them a heads up, offer preemptively to reschedule if their schedules are too tight to accommodate the delay.Even if it isn’t your fault, apologize for the t ardiness, then put the ball in their court. Most of the time  if you’ve projected calm and control in a time of crisis and have behaved responsibly under the circumstances, you’ll be fine. Remember to take a deep breath rather than run into the interview in a flustered, blind panic. Keep your head.Fumbling a questionAs soon as the answer to an interviewer’s question is out of your mouth, you realize your error. You’ve rehearsed the perfect answer to this question- or you haven’t, but you know you’re flubbing it- and you hear yourself saying something all wrong. Stop. Pivot. Say, â€Å"Sorry, let me rephrase that.† Or â€Å"Actually, let me say that again in a different way.† Your interviewer might not even notice the stumble. And you won’t have to walk out of the interview regretting your answer.Bottom line: no matter what mistake you made, recovery is possible in most cases. Just keep your cool, remain professional, a nd focus on the task at hand.4 Major Interview Mistakes (and How to Recover)

The Lowest Moment in Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Lowest Moment in Advertising - Essay Example While motion picture companies all over the world use this advertising tool to advertize the favorable reviews their movies received, Sony Pictures went ahead of the game. They invented their own critic by the name of David Manning and under this name wrote fake favorable reviews for not just the Knight’s Tale but also for Hollow Man, The Animal, The Patriot and the Vertical Limit (Lawrence and Webber, 2010). Sony Pictures Entertainment Sony Pictures Entertainment (SPE), formerly known as Columbia Pictures Entertainment was found in 1987 in California. SPE is subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America. Sony Corporation of America is further a subsidiary of Sony Corporation based in Tokyo, Japan. This multinational media conglomerate produces and also distributes motion pictures and television serials. SPE is one of the biggest media and technology conglomerates that provide entertainment in the form of movies, television, and technology to more than 140 countries around the wor ld. It reported total revenue of more than seven billion in 2010 (Sony Pictures, 2011). Where Sony failed With an organization as big and as established as Sony Pictures, this kind of advertising was not expected. The use of David Manning in numerous such advertising projects led Sony Pictures to incur a fine of 1.5 million pounds (BBC News, 2005). While Sony Pictures can easily recover from the financial aspect of the situation, it is the resulting brand value that creates challenges for the company. This particular advertising approach has affected Sony Pictures on different scales and aspects. Social, Ethical, Regulation aspects   Advertising has quickly become one of the five largest industries of the world. We are constantly exposed to advertising. Even when we do not realize it, advertising moulds our lives in such a manner that we are being constantly hypnotized with it. This has raised concerns among various critics who demanded the need for regulatory practices on adverti sing. The government was forced to take notice to protect the interest of the consumers against false advertising. However, even when the government has posed sanctions on certain types of advertising, social and ethical issues still arise which are outside the boundaries of these laws and here companies must take on their corporate social responsibility to ensure good practices. On the social level, advertising interacts with the consumers to educate them, create a feeling of happiness and generally improve on the standards of living (O’Guinn, Allen and Semenik, 2008). However, the use of David Manning’s review created the opposite effect. It misled the consumers through wrong information and those who went to watch the movie based on the review did not receive the level of satisfaction that they expected from a movie that was favorably liked by a critic. From an ethical stand point, advertising is supposed to be honest, fair and sensitive. Even if we often assume cre ative license to sell products through advertising, ethically we are required to ensure that the advertising is not deceiving. The use of David Manning was particularly deceiving since no such review was written and no such critic even existed at The Ridgefield Press. Such practices in advertising are called deceptive

Ethics issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics issues - Essay Example The development of financing interests for the project began in the 1920s by governments and businesses. The first design for the project was developed by Joseph Strauss and David Steinman who presented a suspended bridge. Due to suspicions that Steinman was not capable of raising sufficient money for the project, the chamber of commerce in Tacoma resorted to terminating its contract in the year 1931. Fresh interests however developed in 1937 with the creation of the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority by Washington State. Using the revenue from the tolls of the bridge, the authority conducted a practicability study. In the end it became clear that the design and construction of the bridge was not possible through the toll revenue finances alone. Another interested body in the building of the bridge was the United States military. The military required a route to directly link the Bremerton’s Puget Sound Naval Shipyard to Army’s McChord Field and Fort Lewis on the si de of Tacoma. The Puget Sound Naval Shipyard was on the Pierce County of the Narrows (Board of Engineers Appointed to Report on the Failure of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Othmar Hermann Ammann 143). It was also in the interest of the federal agencies to create more job opportunities amidst the Great Depression. This set up the political and economic forces that later on contributed to the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. ... Deep truss girders that were 25 feet supported the roadway to stiffen it. Therefore, the Eldridge design was submitted to the Federal Public Works Administration (PWA) by the Authority. The requested fee was $ 11 million. This prompted Leon Moisseiff, a renowned New York to submit a proposal to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) and PWA for the design of $8 million Bridge. As compared to other initial projects, this implied a huge and significant savings. The costs saved came as a result of the 25-feet deep roadway through the replacement done by Moisseiff. These supported the truss girders with that had a depth of 8-feet. This design was not only slender and elegant but also reduced the bridge’s stiffness (Cronn-mills 11). The bridge’s cost savings and the reputation of Moisseff together slender and beauty of the design led to awarding of the contract to Moisseff and the engineering firm that was associated with him. The engineering firm was called the Moran & Proctor. Apparently, this engineering firm was favored instead of Washington Department of Highways and Eldridge. By the month of June 1938, PWA had permitted $6 million for the project. The remaining cost was paid with proceeds from the toll revenue. By the end of the project, a total of $6.4 million had been spent on it. It took 19 months to complete the project that began in September 1938. Characterized by the major span of 2800 feet, this became the third highest bridge on suspension. In July 1940, the bridge was opened. However, it collapsed in November of the same year (Scott 273). Sequence of Events The Moiseiff design began with the theoretical underpinning that was published in a 1933 paper with the help of Fred Liehard. The Moisseiff

Drew Sterling to replace Josh Newly In upcoming concerts Essay Example for Free

Drew Sterling to replace Josh Newly In upcoming concerts Essay The City Symphony will be showcasing the upcoming talents of Drew Sterling in the next two concerts. Mr. Sterling replaces the internationally renowned singer, Josh Newly. While Mr. Newly’s talents have been greatly appreciated in past concerts, the City Symphony has decided to utilize this opportunity to allow Drew Sterling to shine in both concerts as the baritone soloist. Mr. Newly has graced many orchestras around-the-world with his genuine gift as a soloist. Consequently, his talents are both known and respected internationally. Thus, it is understandable that Josh Newly is a very popular artist who is able to sell out concerts. Sadly, Mr. Newly will not be able to perform at this year’s concerts due to prior engagements. The City Symphony wishes that the media respects its desires to not discuss this topic. If Mr. Newly desires to address the media concerning this matter, then he will do so in his own time. On another note, we are happy to announce Mr. Drew Sterling as the baritone soloist. We feel that Mr. Sterling has earned the opportunity to shine in the spotlight. The City Symphony further believes that Mr. Sterling is a fresh and upcoming talent that will have fans on the edge of their seats. In addition, Mr. Sterling is a professional who has given the City Symphony the privilege of showcasing his talent in the next two concerts. Thus, Mr. Sterling will be available for questions and answers (QA) on Friday morning. We are hoping that you can feature this Press Release in your afternoon column as it requires the most urgent attention.

Malnutrition Essay examples -- Social Issues, Poverty, Vitamin Deficie

Introduction Malnutrition is a global challenge in low-income and middle-income countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia (Shetty, 2002, Black, et al., 2008). More than ten million children under five years of age die annually worldwide and percentage of child deaths in sub-Saharan Africa is approximately 41% and another 34% in south Asia (Black, et al., 2003). It was estimated that more than 50% of these child deaths could be attributed to the potentiating effects of malnutrition in infectious disease such as diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infections (Rice, et al., 2000, Caulfield, et al., 2004). As a result of essential nutrient deficiencies in the daily diet as well as the impact of recurrent infections malnutrition is a major contributor to the global burden of disease especially in children under five years of age (Black, et al., 2008). The high prevalence of illness and child deaths associated with chronic and recurrent infections in third world countries contributes largely to poor nutrition there (Rice, et al., 2000, Caulfield, et al., 2004). Aspects involved in the aetiology of numerous deficiency diseases depend on the interaction between social, demographic, genetic, infectious and societal conditions (Manary & Solomons, 2004, Black, et al., 2008). Poverty is the main determinant of malnutrition in these communities (Sachs & McArthur, 2005). It is well known that the political situation and poor economic growth, changes in climate conditions as drought or overpopulation cause a scarcity of certain foodstuffs, a high prevalence of infectious diseases, civil conflicts and wars, natural and unnatural disasters contribute to increased malnutrition (Shetty, 2002, Mul... ...ar colostrum, provides a critical dietary source of vitamin A for infants and young children (Sommer & Davidson, 2002).Besides it is necessary to improve maternal nutrition and vitamin A status in poor societies because breastmilk comes from the mother (Latham, 2010). Conclusion As a result of essential nutrient deficiencies in the daily diet, numerous deficiency diseases remain pervasive and damaging conditions in developing world particularly in low income and middle income countries. Malnutrition, clearly, is not a simple problem with a single, simple solution. Multiple and collaborative interventions implant in prevention approaches can be effective because malnutrition has many causes. There is a wide range of sectors and organizations need to determine priorities for resource allocation among nutritional, health care, economic and education policies.

Job Workforce Shifts

From 1900 to 1999 the United States has witnessed a major workforce shift that is still evolving today and Human Resource Managers are playing even a bigger role within companies today. With the competitive market environment today, Human Resource Managers need to keep evolving with and roll with the many changes within the workforce. Company’s big or small better realize that they are playing a more strategic role in the success of their organization. Local and globally company’s Human Resource departments must become adaptable, agile, employee focused and resilient to remain completive within our economy today. Not only are these professionals a huge part of a company’s success, they are an employee’s partner, sponsor, and their mentor embedded within your organization. There is no doubt that America’s workforce is in a much situation and better off in 1999 verses 1900. From the beginning of 1900, the American workforce witnesses an in creditable period where they saw their wages beginning to raise, personnel benefits grow, and working conditions improved. When the workforce is compared from the beginning to today you can see the numerous changes. For example, in the last 100 years, America’s workforce has increased approximately six fold. In the 1900 the workforce was estimated at roughly 24 million that also included kids at the age of 10 and above gainfully employed. Now fast forward to 1999, the workforce was estimated at 139 million with the ages of 16 and older gainfully employed. Not only are these numbers impressive but workplace, compensation, composition, and the very nature of work changed in those past 100 years. During the shift, the composition of America’s labor force changed from an industrial dominated production occupations, like foresters, farmers, to those dominated by technical, service, and professional workers. A great example would be our farmers, at the turn of the century 38 percent of America’s labor force where farmers compared to the end of the century where there were barely 3 percent of our labor force where farmers. Our worked shift in other ways too, like the female workforce saw a huge spike from just 19 percent in 1900, to 60 percent by 1999. No more of the wife staying home raising the kids and running the home while their husband worked. Women now have entered the labor workforce in great numbers. During the great depression many families needed income in order to survive and child labor was very common during the turn of the century. In 1900 there were estimated 1. 75 million kids within the labor force ranging from the age of 10 to 15. Child labor at this time represented about 6 percent of the labor force. In contrast, by 1999, our Federal and State law regulated child labor and Federal laws today prohibit full time workers under the age of 16. By the end of the 20th century, additional wages and benefits comprised a major portion of an employee compensation package. In 1900 benefits where very minimal at best, during the course of the 20th century, working conditions, wages, and benefits have kept trending to the more positive side. Another major shift in the workforce in the past 100 years dealt with the demographics of the population. Not only has the life expectancy changed from 47 years in 1900 to 77 years by 1999, but the population has aged, they are more diverse, and grew dramatically. The population at the beginning of the 20th century was estimated at 76 million to 280 million by 1999. Because of these numerous workforce shifts, today these shifts can be felt by human resource managers today. Human Resource Managers today must be business driven and play a big part within their company’s big or small. They must understand their company’s vision and mission statement to be able to influence major decisions and policies. The workplace now is so diversity the human resource manager must be able to manage the body of talent that will bring new innovative ideas, perspectives, and views to their work. Today human resource professionals must learn how to manage effectively through planning, controlling, leading, and organizing the human resource while being flexible and willingly to adapt for the good of the organization or company they represent.

After researching the incidents of inequality, please answer the following questions for each scenario Essay

Scenario #1: __Marriage Inequality Same-Sex Relationships___ discrimination. 1) Summarize the incident. As more states are recognizing marriage for same sex couples, there is still conflict surround the same-sex unions about marriage equality and religious liberty. Marriage is a of sexual orientation identity enactment, and religious objections arise largely in response to such relationships. This article is on sexual orientation equality, it argues for antidiscrimination regime that will protect same-sex relationships. In this article it also states that same-sex relationships are an expression of identity and religious objections are relating to that identity. There is discrimination against same-sex relationships. Religious organizations as well as employers, property owners, small business and others to discriminate against same-sex couples in situations that are removed from marriage itself that would threaten this antidiscrimination law. They are using a term â€Å"marriage conscience protection† to label instances of discrimination against same sex relationships (Nejaime, (2012). 2) How might this situation affect the victim? Being a victim of any type of discrimination can be emotionally and psychologically painful. It can cause distress, depression, feelings of anxiety which can linger on with them for years. It can affect the psychological and emotional well-being of member of the LBGT community. Those same psychological outcomes can create individuals who are more accepting to their sexuality. 3) How might it affect the offending person or institution? First off it is a human rights violation. There are array of new laws that have been adopted which includes laws banning discrimination against LGBT, penalizing homophobic hate crimes, granting recognition of same-sex relationship (ACLU, (n.d.)). Establishments that chose to discriminate are in violation of some laws. LBGT community can get people to rally with th em and protest against an institution. That will cause for news coverage and possible shut down of business or cause for lawsuit against an institution. 4) How do situations like this affect society as a whole? Situations when dealing with LGBT there can be rejection. Discrimination impacts society as a whole because it is reinforcing prejudice. Many people just fear what may be strange or unknown to them, and their reactions vary with suspicion, violence towards those whoms appearance, behavior or culture is different. Scenario # 2: _Racial harrashment in the military__ discrimination. 1) Summarize the incident. This reading is in regards to the racial discrimination or a bias against black drivers that the CPD uses that as a decision to stop a vehicle. Where the term used by minorities is DWB (driving while black came from. In Cincinnati there is a study that showed that DST (daylight savings time) black drivers were less likely to be stopped. When the shift from daylight to darkness came the racial discrimination of black drivers being stopped. Black drivers were also were less likely to receive a citation than nonblack drivers. Blacks also had longer stops and higher search rates than white drivers.(Ridgeway, 2009) 2) How might this situation affect the victim? I think that for black males even with valid drivers license and no drug paraphernalia this could be a tramatizing event. Making one not to want to driver in Cincinnati after dark because of the fact that they would most likely to be stopped because of the color of their skin. Even the fact that blacks are more sterotyped to be criminals so that is profiling itself that they are up to no good. It has caused troubled community relations. Are not willing to trust the police. 3) How might it affect the offending person or institution? The Cincinnati police department went the scrutiny. To where the department went through training and discipline of officers and still working on troubled community relations. The U.S department of Justice Civil Rights Division of Investigation came in to work with the Cincinnati Police Department to improve the area of law enforcement. The CPD also had internal investigations being carried out. The are making efforts to investigate and eradicate failed because of unclear findings.(Cincinnati Public Library, (n.d.)). 4) How do situations like this affect society as a whole? This affects the community in a whole because with that racial profiling and injustice that went on there where the distrust went so far the opfficers and blacks were being shot at. Racial profiling affects civil rights, and has affect on all people of color. It victimizes the people that they are supposed to be protecting. There is a large mistrust of the police in these communities where there are more likely to be crimes people are not speaking up. References Nejaime, D. (2012). Marriage Inequality: same-Sex Relationships, Religious Exemptions, and The Production of Sexual Orientation Discrimination. California Law Reviews, 100(5), 1169- 1238. Retrieved June 17, 2013 from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=50417c39- 0e4d-4cb3-8e06-7ad6068f08a5%40sessionmgr114&vid=4&hid=115 ACLU, (n.d.). â€Å"LBGT Rights† Retrieved June 17, 2013 from http://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights Ridgeway, Greg. (2009). Cincinnati Police Department Traffic Stops: Applying RAND’s Framework to Analyze Racial Disparities. Santa Monica, CA. RAND Corporation. Pg 3-25. Retrieved June 19, 2013 from http://site.ebrary.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/lib/grandcanyon/docDetail.action?docID=10375778 Cincinnati Public Library (n.d.) Retrieved June 19, 2013 from http://www.cincinnatilibrary.org/features/police.asp

Chumash Indians essays

Chumash Indians essays The Chumash Indians were natives to the coastlands in California, from Malibu to Paso Robles, as well as on all three of the Northern Channel Islands. There were 150 independent villages with a total population of 18,000 people. People in the other regions spoke a little differently although the languages were similar. The villages were made of ceremonial grounds, semi subterranean sweathouses, cleared playing fields, storage huts, and round thatched dwelling houses up to fifty feet in diameter and able to hold as many as seventy people. Their homeland was first settled about 13,000 years ago and with time, the population got bigger so some of them started migrating to other coastlands of California. With all these other villages they had access to different resources, which they would trade with one another in different villages. Some of the major groups were the Obispen, and Santa Ynez. With all this trading going on among the Chumash villages, it would have taken many days to tra vel by foot. Living on the coastlands they invented a seagoing plank canoe or in their language a tomol. They invented the canoe about 2,000 years ago. The plank canoe was anywhere from eight feet to thirty feet and was made from driftwood or redwood. The sides of the plank canoe were about three to four planks high, and was glued in place with yop, a melted mixture of pine pitch and hardened asphalt. After the glue was dried they drilled holes into the seams of each side and then tying the boards together with plant fiber string made from Indian hemp, then the holes were filled up again with yop. When the canoe was all put together they would sand it down using sandstone and then finished with sharkskin; then the canoe was painted and decorated. The plank...

Business of Sorzal Distributors is not a common one

In spite these facts, Sorzal Distributors is a reputable dealer. Its main products include â€Å"authentic southwestern jewelry and pottery, and pre-Columbian artifacts from Peru and Venezuel† (Case Study, n.d.). Gross Sales of the company is about $12 millions and increased at a rate of 20% per year. â€Å"Is that the direction that the market is going?† It is known fact that effective marketing depends upon effective marketing system employed by a company and its strategy. Such factors as globalization of markets, economic integration and increased competition forced Sorzal Distributors to find new ways to compete. It is one of the most important infrastructure requirements, which is essential for the expansion of opportunities and plays an important role in making the competitive positioning. Sorzal Distributors has a chance to â€Å"add $1 million in additional sales† (Case Study, n.d.) contracting with a mass-merchandise department store chain. In spite of great benefits proposed by this contract, the company will be faced with a threat to become a â€Å"replicas retailer† and, probably, will have a negative impact on company’s brand image as a dealer of unique authentic artifacts. It is not an easy decision to make, but before signing the contract the company should answer the question â€Å"Is that the direction that the market is going?† (Case Study, n.d.) Changing Environment Sorzal Distributors operates in a simple and static environment. Firms operating in a relatively simple and static environment can generally rely on management strategies that are based on historical data. The strength of Sorzal Distributors is that it’s goods obtained a very competitive position on the market. The brand has a hard core of loyal supporters. It sells lines of products to satisfy the needs of wide audience through â€Å"specialty shops, firm-sponsored showings, and a few exclusive department stores† (Case Study, n.d.). Another strength is that Sorzal Distributors is an exclusive suppler of South American and African artifacts. Obtaining strong market position, Sorzal Distributors has maintained high-speed growth through product mix and new product lines. The opportunity of the company is the nature of business and loyalty of customers. As it is mentioned: â€Å"consumer tastes are changing from the modern and abstract to the more concrete† like Sorzal’s producrs (Case Study, n.d.). The opportunities of Sorzal include: high potential to growth and profitability of the company; promotion to other divisions; increased revenue from success in national market. In spite opportunities, recent changes threaten the business. Political-legal forces allocate power and provide constraining and protect ­ing laws and regulations. Primarily, political changes in Africa resulted in stricter legislation which prohibits â€Å"exportation of certain artifacts† (Case Study, n.d.). Another threat is increased competition which include the threat of entry by new competitors, the intensity of rivalry among existing competitors, and pressure from substitute products, primarily replicates. Recent years, the number of competitors increased from 5 to 11, and, according to David Olsen, â€Å"bargaining position of Sorzal has eroded† (Case Study, n.d.). The company â€Å"has watched our gross margin slip in recent years due to aggressive competitive bidding by others† (Case Study, n.d.). The weakness of the company is changing economic situation which requires new forms of strategy in order to compete on the limited and narrow market of artifacts. Limited destitution is also a weakness of the company. New Strategy In order to solve these problems and sustain competitive position, Sorzal should accept a competition strategy, instead of a competitive advantage. It is possible to admit that market of artifact is really needed low quality replicates such as produced and sold by Sorzal competitors. Nevertheless, this marketing strategy is not acceptable for Sorzal, which obtains a strong market position as a reputable dealer of   authentic southwestern jewelry and pottery Competition strategy will take place on a price and a non-price basis, and will help Sorzal to compete on the national market. Price competition involves businesses trying to undercut each other’s prices; this will, in turn, be dependent upon their ability to reduce their costs of production. Brand image and loyalty of customers should be the main criteria for Sorzal. This strategy will help to stay on top nationally and sustain competitive position as an exclusive distributor of South American and African artifacts. Marketing strategy based on the non-price competition should take form of branding, advertising, promotion, and additional services to customers (Johnson, Scholes, 1998). An alternative policy for Sorzal is to accept replicates distribution strategy. On the one hand, this strategy will help to add additional sales, but on the other hand, it will have a very negative impact on the company’s reputation. This strategy does not help to compete on the market for a long time, and increase the threat of substitution. The best solution for Sorzal is mass advertising campaign and opening new exclusive stores in order to attracted potential customers.   In relation to minor competitors, Sorzal should provide comparable buyer value but perform the activities more efficiently so as to attain a cost advantage, or perform the activities in a unique way which raises the value to the con ­sumer and thus allows them to command a premium price. If Sorzal follows its present say strategy (as an exclusive distributor of authntic artifacts), it will sustain its dominant position as a top brand, while expanding its operations and becomes a main player in the market. Nevertheless, flexibility is the most important infrastructure requirement, which is essential for the expansion of opportunities, and plays an important role in making and breaking the competitive positioning. References Case Study: Sorzal Distributors. N.d. Available Johnson, G., Scholes, K. Exploring Corporate Strategy. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall. 1998. Business of Sorzal Distributors is not a common one In spite these facts, Sorzal Distributors is a reputable dealer. Its main products include â€Å"authentic southwestern jewelry and pottery, and pre-Columbian artifacts from Peru and Venezuel† (Case Study, n.d.). Gross Sales of the company is about $12 millions and increased at a rate of 20% per year. â€Å"Is that the direction that the market is going?† It is known fact that effective marketing depends upon effective marketing system employed by a company and its strategy. Such factors as globalization of markets, economic integration and increased competition forced Sorzal Distributors to find new ways to compete. It is one of the most important infrastructure requirements, which is essential for the expansion of opportunities and plays an important role in making the competitive positioning. Sorzal Distributors has a chance to â€Å"add $1 million in additional sales† (Case Study, n.d.) contracting with a mass-merchandise department store chain. In spite of great benefits proposed by this contract, the company will be faced with a threat to become a â€Å"replicas retailer† and, probably, will have a negative impact on company’s brand image as a dealer of unique authentic artifacts. It is not an easy decision to make, but before signing the contract the company should answer the question â€Å"Is that the direction that the market is going?† (Case Study, n.d.) Changing Environment Sorzal Distributors operates in a simple and static environment. Firms operating in a relatively simple and static environment can generally rely on management strategies that are based on historical data. The strength of Sorzal Distributors is that it’s goods obtained a very competitive position on the market. The brand has a hard core of loyal supporters. It sells lines of products to satisfy the needs of wide audience through â€Å"specialty shops, firm-sponsored showings, and a few exclusive department stores† (Case Study, n.d.). Another strength is that Sorzal Distributors is an exclusive suppler of South American and African artifacts. Obtaining strong market position, Sorzal Distributors has maintained high-speed growth through product mix and new product lines. The opportunity of the company is the nature of business and loyalty of customers. As it is mentioned: â€Å"consumer tastes are changing from the modern and abstract to the more concrete† like Sorzal’s producrs (Case Study, n.d.). The opportunities of Sorzal include: high potential to growth and profitability of the company; promotion to other divisions; increased revenue from success in national market. In spite opportunities, recent changes threaten the business. Political-legal forces allocate power and provide constraining and protect ­ing laws and regulations. Primarily, political changes in Africa resulted in stricter legislation which prohibits â€Å"exportation of certain artifacts† (Case Study, n.d.). Another threat is increased competition which include the threat of entry by new competitors, the intensity of rivalry among existing competitors, and pressure from substitute products, primarily replicates. Recent years, the number of competitors increased from 5 to 11, and, according to David Olsen, â€Å"bargaining position of Sorzal has eroded† (Case Study, n.d.). The company â€Å"has watched our gross margin slip in recent years due to aggressive competitive bidding by others† (Case Study, n.d.). The weakness of the company is changing economic situation which requires new forms of strategy in order to compete on the limited and narrow market of artifacts. Limited destitution is also a weakness of the company. New Strategy In order to solve these problems and sustain competitive position, Sorzal should accept a competition strategy, instead of a competitive advantage. It is possible to admit that market of artifact is really needed low quality replicates such as produced and sold by Sorzal competitors. Nevertheless, this marketing strategy is not acceptable for Sorzal, which obtains a strong market position as a reputable dealer of   authentic southwestern jewelry and pottery Competition strategy will take place on a price and a non-price basis, and will help Sorzal to compete on the national market. Price competition involves businesses trying to undercut each other’s prices; this will, in turn, be dependent upon their ability to reduce their costs of production. Brand image and loyalty of customers should be the main criteria for Sorzal. This strategy will help to stay on top nationally and sustain competitive position as an exclusive distributor of South American and African artifacts. Marketing strategy based on the non-price competition should take form of branding, advertising, promotion, and additional services to customers (Johnson, Scholes, 1998). An alternative policy for Sorzal is to accept replicates distribution strategy. On the one hand, this strategy will help to add additional sales, but on the other hand, it will have a very negative impact on the company’s reputation. This strategy does not help to compete on the market for a long time, and increase the threat of substitution. The best solution for Sorzal is mass advertising campaign and opening new exclusive stores in order to attracted potential customers.   In relation to minor competitors, Sorzal should provide comparable buyer value but perform the activities more efficiently so as to attain a cost advantage, or perform the activities in a unique way which raises the value to the con ­sumer and thus allows them to command a premium price. If Sorzal follows its present say strategy (as an exclusive distributor of authntic artifacts), it will sustain its dominant position as a top brand, while expanding its operations and becomes a main player in the market. Nevertheless, flexibility is the most important infrastructure requirement, which is essential for the expansion of opportunities, and plays an important role in making and breaking the competitive positioning. References Case Study: Sorzal Distributors. N.d. Available Johnson, G., Scholes, K. Exploring Corporate Strategy. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall. 1998.

Pharmaceutical Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pharmaceutical Marketing - Essay Example To this effect, the companies have come under great scrutiny and they have been viewed as negatively affecting the entire medical fraternity. However, many people do not see the connection between the pharmaceutical marketing and the negative effects it has on the professionals and the patients as well (Higgins, 39). Pharmaceutical marketing is the business activity of advertising and promoting the sales of drugs or pharmaceuticals. Although many people are opposed to the fact that marketing of pharmaceutical products affects the physicians and the patients, there is evidence that the practice is harmful to both the medical professionals and the patients and it is in this effect that many countries around the world have put up some legislation that seek to limit the activity. This is because the pharmaceutical marketing strategies that the industry has embarked on have put both the physicians and the patients at a dilemma with many drug companies competing to lure the physicians and the patients into using their products. ... This is because the physicians are the most important people to the industry and this can be attributed to the fact the physicians are the people who are involved in prescribing medicines to the patients. It is in this effect that the industries concentrated on the physicians as the targets of their advertising and this meant that the industry would send many of their representatives to the medical facilities and also use other avenues to reach the physicians. One of the avenues that the industry employed was the utilization of medical conferences whereby a company would be the host. This was a very effective form of advertising but with time, it became obsolete and the industry had to come with new methods of marketing (Higgins, 39). This precipitated the direct advertising to the consumer. This has been viewed as very destructive because even the physicians sometimes cannot convince a patient on the prescription drugs that are best for a particular condition. This means that the patients have some information about some drugs and this has put even the relationship between the patient and the physician in jeopardy. This has been seen as one of the negative effect of the pharmaceutical industry advertising directly to the consumers (Polen, 39). There is controversy related to pharmaceutical advertisement and various quarters are opposed to the increased advertisement while others view this as a better way of informing the consumers. Those opposed argue that advertisements have adversely and negatively affected patients as well as physicians. It has been cited that these advertisements does not list the side effects of the drugs to the patients and also conceal some very important information pertaining to a particular drug (Parker,

Write Informal Reports to your boss Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write Informal Reports to your boss - Case Study Example 98 percent of them Sam are complaining that our cafeteria lacks cleanliness. Typical area of concerns are the dirty tables, littered floors, unclean utensils, spots on glasses, dirty aprons of cafeteria workers, dusts on lighting fixtures and counter with condiments dirty. Along with the dirty cafeteria and its bad food also comes bad service. 76 percent of our employees are complaining of sury and unfairly cafteria workers; that tables were not cleaned off and that cashiers slap change on trays just to give you few examples. Gleaning from this data, we really need to rehabilitate our cafeteria the soonest time possible. This issue has already grown to a magnitude as the most pressing issue that could demotivate our employees. I don’t think that the complaints are isolated because we have 98, 80 and 75 percent complaints on cleanliness, quality of food and service and these figures are very conclusive. I did a surprise ocular visit on our cafteria and it really is horrible as many of our employees are complaining. For me, it is already a given that the current administration of our cateria is no longer effective. They may be undermotivated or understaff but the bottom line is, despite this lingering complaints, they are still not doing about it. If we are going to add more staff with the same attitude, I don’t think that they will improve. In addition, focusing too much on this is taking away valuable executive time. Don’t get me wrong though, I am not downplaying the importance of our cafeteria, it is just I do not think that we should continue with the present set up. My suggestion is, to renovate the place and hire several third party vendors who could provide cleanliness, service and quality food at affordable price. To keep them in check, we will have several vendors so that there will be competition among them. One of the major reason perhaps why our cafeteria turned this way is because it has a

Discussion Board Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board Question - Essay Example Even the title of the graph is misleading. At first, one thought that the graph will give a step-by-step procedure on how to burn calories. The graph creator might have made the graph this way to emphasize that a cheeseburger contains the highest calories among the beer, soda and doughnut. He might have thought that putting pictures of the different products will add to the effectiveness of the graph in presenting information. The graph may be improved by putting scales. In this way, the reader will know what the numbers represent. The graph should have an X and Y axis. The X-axis may symbolize the number steps that have to be taken to burn a certain number of calories. The Y-axis may represent the number of calories contained per food item presented. Another way to improve the graph is by presenting it in a graduated manner meaning as one goes through the right of the X-axis, the number of steps to be taken increases. The title of the graph may be stated as â€Å"Number of Steps Needed to Burn Calories from Certain Food Types†. I do not think that it is ethical to portray information in the way the graph is presented. It is very misleading especially among the young because they might think that drinking beer is better than eating a cheeseburger or a doughnut, simply because it will take less steps to burn the calories in a beer than in a cheeseburger or doughnut. The graph may also have a negative impact on restaurants offering cheeseburgers and

British Airways Leadership Style

British Airways Leadership Style Examining Leadership style in British Airways 1. ABSTRACT This is a study which examine the leadership in British airways and also evaluates their leader i.e. Willie Walsh using the relevant theories on leadership. Also critically evaluate the leadership style that is required for the success of British Airways. Reflections on leadership styles used in our previous jobs are also provided below. 2. INTRODUCTION 2(a). LEADERSHIP Leadership has and will always be an important factor in human affairs. In todays time it has become essential for organisations to have a good leader for its success at the same time its becoming challenging to find the right type of leader for the job as mentioned in (Kotler, 1988) Leadership is an activity, that of influencing the behaviour and beliefs and feelings of other group members in an intended direction as mentioned in (wright taylor, 1984). Leadership is only a part of the managers job not the whole thing. According to (Posner Kouzes, 2002, p. 13) 5 common practices of all leaders Model the way Inspire a shared vision Challenge the process Enable others to act Encourage the heart 2(b). BRITISH AIRWAYS British Airways Plc is the UKs biggest international scheduled airlines. They not only have scheduled services but also operation of international and domestic carriage of freight and mail, and ancillary services. British Airways fly to more than 300 destinations. It was established in 1910 it was formed to preserve the records and artefacts of British Airways predecessor companies BOAC, BEA, BSAA and the pre-war Imperial Airways and British Airways Ltd. BA was the first to launch the worlds first daily international scheduled air service between London and Paris. It was a public sector company which in 1981 LordKing was appointed Chairman he was then charged by the SecretaryofStateforTrade to take all necessary steps for privatisation. (Airways) British airway has been known to have problem with its employees, being punctual , and financial losses from a very long time it had major problems in the beginning of 1980 which 2(c). WILLIE WALSH He was born on 25th of October1961 in Dublin, Ireland. In 1979, he joined Aer Lingus as a cadet. During his years as a pilot he was a chief negotiator for the union of pilots. He acquired a Masters degree in management and business administration from Trinity College, Dublin and later became a CEO of Futura in 1998 before he became a CEO of Aer Lingus 2000. Here he turned a loss making organisation into a profit making organisation within 6 months by reducing cost and selling painting and art from their office and also by cutting jobs. In 2005 he resigned from his position as the government refused to privatise the air lines. compiled from the various annual reports of the Aer Lingus Currently he is the CEO of British Airways. In May 2005 Willie Walsh became a Chief Executive Designate, after Rod Eddington as Chief Executive on 1 October 2005. He was hired as British Airways were wanting to reduce cost and make themselves into a low cost airlines. From the annual reports of the British Airways 2(d). FRAMEWORKS USED Trait Theory Michigan and Ohio University Studies Transactional, Transformation and Charismatic Leadership Situational Leadership Theory 3. LITERATURE REVIEW Globalization has made companies compete not only in the domestic but also in the global markets, and the demand for an effective leadership has become highly important. Many studies exist on the subject of leadership; this is mainly due to the fact that leaders are responsible for the main essential task in an organization such as creating, sharing and exploiting organizational knowledge, enabling an organization to grow (Bryant, 2003). There is no specific formula for being a good leader many scholars over the years have debated over the fact what makes a good leader. Earlier scholars believe that leaders were born and the skills to be a good leader cannot be achieved over the years one such theory is The Great Mans Theory other earlier theories such as Trait theory studies the various traits of a good leader and states that only people having such traits can be good leaders. Even this theory believes in leader are by birth. However the more recent theories look at the behaviour and not the traits and personality. Kouzes and Posner state that Leadership is an identifiable set of skills which are available in all men and women not just in a few charismatic and gifted people (Posner Kouzes, 2002) The following theories are used by me to analyse the leadership style of Willie Walsh in context to British Airways Trait Theory By Stogdil (Stogdil, 1974) There are various theories on traits of leaders they all have a few common qualities that are required by a good leader. This theory believes that leaders are born and the skills and traits of a good leader cannot be acquired over a period of time. Stogdil in 1974 identified and suggested the following traits and skills as critical and existent in all leaders TRAITS SKILLS Adaptability to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant i.e. having a desire to influence others Energetic Persistent Self-confident Tolerant to stress Willing to assume responsibility Clever Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organised (administrative ability) Persuasive Socially skilled Michigan Ohio Studies Michigan University had conducted various studies on leadership in the year 1950. There research showed that leaders could be broadly divided into three categories depending on their characteristics. Task oriented behaviour- Leaders would concentrate on task and not on building a relationship with their subordinates. They did not do the same tasks as their subordinates they concentrated more on activities like scheduling planning coordinating and providing the resources for their subordinates to perform their tasks. Relationship oriented behaviour- These leaders not only focused on task oriented but also gave importance to building up relations with their subordinates helping them not only in their careers but also in their personal lives thus forming a bond with their subordinates more than close control. They believe in rewarding their subordinate with both Intrinsic as well as extrinsic ways. They basically provided the goal and left it onto their subordinates to decide the path they wanted to take. Participative leadership- These leaders include their subordinates as team members in their decision making process at the same time their decision is final independent whether it matches with the decision of the subordinates. These leaders are nature good team leaders. Such leaders are more facilitative than directive while solving problems. These leaders are more effective for teams rather than individuals. Transactional, Transformation and Charismatic leadership Transactional leaders believe that people can be motivated either by reward or punishment. They create clear structures as to the requirement of what is expected from the subordinates and what would get them rewards or punishments. the subordinate is fully responsible for the work given to him no matter what ever the circumstance that caused the failure. According to Bass a transactional leader comprised of contingent reward (CRW), active management by exception (MBEA), and passive management by exception (MBEP). (Bass M. B., 1985) Transformational leaders are leaders have a vision of transformation that excites and converts potential followers. These leaders may or may not be aware of the way that leads to fulfilment of the vision. Such a leader comprises of idealized influence (II), individualized consideration (IC), intellectual stimulation (IS), and inspirational motivation (IM). (Bass M. B., 1985). Charismatic leadership are leaders who attract followers using their personality, charm rather than using any form of external power or authority. These leaders while interacting with a person make the person feel extremely important. They spend a lot of time learning their environment Bass mentions that a transformational leader also will emphasize on higher motive development, and arouse followers motivation by means of creating and representing an inspiring vision of the future (Bass B. M., 1997) Situational Leadership Theory- The main school of thought of this theory is that there is no one way of leadership style. It states that a leader who uses different leadership styles dependant on the situation he is in (Hersey Blanchard, 1988). This theory has been proposed by Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey. This model allows you to analyse the various needs of the situation a leader may find himself in and suggest the most appropriate leadership style for the situation. source (Hersey Blanchard, 1988) As seen above this theory divides leadership styles into the following categories Directing (S1)- This leaders is a high directive and a low supportive behaviour orientated Coaching (S2)- This leader is high Directive as well as high Supportive behaviour oriented Supporting (S3)- This leader is a high Supportive and low Directive behaviour orientated Delegating (S4)- This leader is low Supportive as well as low Directive behaviour orientated (Huczynsky Buchanan, 2007) For this model to be successful it is extremely important that the leader should accurately judge the confidence and motivation of his followers. From all the above theories we see that there is no one best way to predict a successful leader. All the above theories have different ways of looking at leaders. The best way to examine whether a person is a good leader or not is to study him is comparing him to various theories on leadership. 4. EXAMINING BRITISH AIRWAYS LEADERSHIP STYLE The main reason for British Airways to select Willie Walsh as their CEO was because at that time British Airways was facing stiff competition from low cost airlines. His success as a leader in Aer Lingus an Irish flight carrier which was almost on its way to bankruptcy and then Willie Walsh stepped in not only turning the carrier into a profit making carrier but also one of the most successful carrier of Ireland. During the analysis I found Willie Walsh to have the following characteristic from the various articles written on him. Intimidating- as his peers were afraid to raise question about T5 at Heathrow before it was inaugurated. Peers are not involved in decisions- He was found to seclude himself and his colleagues found it difficult to approach him (Michaels, 2006). He is very strong minded and confident He does what he believes to be correct with or without any fan following (Walsh, 2009) Hugely energetic, Hard worker and a workaholic he has not taken a vacation for the past 3 years (Walsh, 2009) His work is only professional no emotions- This is the main reason as to his success at turning flight carriers profitable as he does this by cutting cost by job cuts. Tuff leader who rules with an iron fist- his peers at Aerlingus use to call him Slasher Walsh. Confrontational- He is always involved in the meeting with the union and management. Now he sits on the managements side but earlier he use to sit on the unions side. He is ruthless in his decision- He fired 2 of the oldest managers of British Airways over the terminal 5 fiasco (Milmo, 2008). He believes in leading by being a role model- He and Keith Williams, finance director of BA worked unpaid and requested the staff also to consider unpaid leave or working part time (Travel Weekly(UK), 2009) Linking Willie Walshs leadership style to Trait Theory From the above table we observe that Willie Walsh has most of the traits and skills that are required by a successful leader Linking Willie Walshs leadership style to Michigan and Ohio University studies Michigan Ohio University studies classify Willie Walsh as a leader with Task oriented behaviour. This is seen as he does not maintain any relationship he is only is interested in work if he feels someone is redundant or not doing his work efficiently he fires them. (Nexis,UK, 2005). He also expects his employees to get the work given to them whether or not they have the resources and capability to do the work given to them. Linking Willie Walshs leadership style to Transactional, Transformation and Charismatic Leadership Willie Walsh follows a transactional style of leadership. As he is task oriented and does not believe in building relations. He believes that the salary given to employee is a reward for their work and in case they dont do their work properly they should be punished. Thus motivation for doing the job is either reward or to avoid punishment. He is not supportive to them in their work or personal lives as a transformational leader would be nor does he have the qualities of a charismatic leader as people do not follow him by choice but by compulsion. He also does not take out time to know his subordinates and what would motivate them. Linking Willie Walshs leadership style to situational leadership Willie Walsh can be placed in the S1 quadrant as he has a high directive and a low supportive oriented behaviour. However the theory states that a leader should be flexible and should change his style from time to time depending on the situation however the data collected on Willie Walsh does not show any signs of flexibility and he follows the same leadership style. Thus we can say that according to this theory Willie Walsh is not a good leader. Evaluation Reflection Critical Conclusion Bibliography Bibliography Airways, b. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 22, 2009, from www.ba.co.uk Bass, B. M. (1997). Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist , 52, 130-139. Bass, M. B. (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, . New York: Free Press. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H. (1988). Management of Organisational Behaviour: Utilising Human Resources. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Huczynsky, A. A., Buchanan, D. A. (2007). Organisational Behaviour (6 ed.). Pioltello: Rotolito Lombanda SPA. Kotler, J. P. (1988). The Leadership Factor. Free press . Michaels, D. (2006, October 2). British Airs New Challenges; Walsh Must Tackle Rising Pension Deficit, Transition at Heathrow. Walstreet Jornal , p. B.12. Milmo, D. (2008, April 16). Youre fired: T5 fiasco proves terminal for BA bosses as Walsh takes personal charge. The Guardian. Nexis,UK. (2005, December 23). British Airways Walsh step up BA turnaround. Travel Trade Gazette UK Ireland , p. 12. Posner, Kouzes. (2002). leadership the challange. san fransisco: jossey bass. Stogdil, R. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of literature. New York: Free Press . Travel Weekly(UK). (2009). BA bosses to work without pay in July. Travel Weekly(UK) , 7. Walsh, W. (2009, August 27). I Didnt Set out to be a CEO. (T. Independant, Interviewer) wright, p. l., taylor, s. d. (1984). improving leadership performance: a practical approach to leadership. london: prentice-hall international Inc. Bryant S. E. (2003), The role of Transformational and Transactional Leadership in Creating, Sharing and Exploiting Organizational Knowledge, Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 9 (4), pp. 32-44